Exxon Valdez Disaster

( Article Type: Explanation )

On 24 March 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez went off course in a 16 kilometre-wide channel in Alaska’s Prince William Sound and hit submerged rocks on a reef. The hull of the tanker was gashed in several places and 42 million litres of crude oil (22% of its cargo) leaked out, causing one of the worst oil spills and environmental disasters in US waters. By the end of the clean-up (which cost over $4 billion), the oil spill was known to have killed 580 000 birds (including 144 rare bald eagles), 5 500 sea otters, 30 seals, 22 whales and countless fish. It also oiled over 5 100 kilometres of shoreline. The American oil company, Exxon, eventually paid approximately $400 million in fines. The disaster has become a significant and valuable case study to illustrate a number of different environmental points. For example, oil tankers should have double skinned hulls to reduce the risk of pollution from damage or disaster; countries with sea lanes close to their coastlines should prepare emergency plans to cope with pollution disasters; and insurance companies need to give more thought to environmental liability and practical means of reducing it. As a direct result of the disaster, a new NGO, CERES (Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies) was established, which set out to try and prevent the occurrence of another Exxon Valdez disaster. The group has produced what has become known as the CERES Principles, which can be used to audit a company’s environmental performance against simple but clear environmental standards.